PMC

Ratio of pressure drop calculated using the current electric conductivity model and using the electric conductivity of bulk water to the pressure drop calculated without EDL effect.

(A) Schematic diagram of experimental set-up for the constant electric tension-induced rupture of GUVs under osmotic pressure. (B) An IRE signal of pulse width 200 μs.

Multiple K-channel operations on a single device. Droplets flow left to right. The K-channel continuous phase flows right to left. (a) High K-channel pressure with electric field injects into droplets. (b) Low K-channel pressure with electric field extracts from droplets. (c) Moderate K-channel pressure without electric field maintains the droplet-K-channel interface. (d) Low K-channel pressure without electric field splits droplets under oil flow. (scale bars = 100 μm)

(a) ΔI/I₀ value of the flexible pressure sensor at 50 kPa; the inset is the I−V curve of the single-layer fabric at different graphene concentrations. (b) I−V curves of the flexible pressure sensor under different static pressures. (c) Static and dynamic contact angles of the fabric after plasma treatment under different graphene concentrations; the inset shows the contact angle of the fabric after 50 rubbing cycles. (d) ΔI/I₀ value of the flexible pressure sensor at 50 kPa after electric field induction; the inset is the I−V curve of the single-layer fabric under different electric field intensities. (e) I−V curves of the flexible pressure sensor under different static pressures after electric field induction. (f) Cycling test of the sensor under dynamic pressure after electric field induction.